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Journal of Transcultural Nursing
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Health Promotion and Disease Prevention through Sanitation Education in South African Zulu and Xhosa Women

Maria A. Smith, DSN, RN, CCRN

Hari Garbharran, PhD

M. Jo Edwards, EdD, CHES

Peggy O’Hara-Murdock, PhD

Middle Tennessee State University

Poor sanitation and hygiene facilitate transmission of environmental diseases and pose a threat to the health of South African residents. This study focused on identifying sanitation needs from the perspective of informal community residents, addressing need related issues, and empowering Zulu and Xhosa women. The study used a multistep approach to identify and access communities of interest, reflexive critique during data collection from 300 heads of households, and a reiterative process to identify major themes. A process, which impacted 1, 467 residents, was developed; it included culturally sensitive presentation styles and educational materials that facilitated understanding of sanitation concepts. Main sanitation themes were health knowledge and community role models. Educational sessions incorporated women. Using women as educators elevated their status and validated their community importance. Project participation added to the educational background of the Zulu and Xhosa women. It empowered them and provided an opportunity for them to articulate community needs.

Key Words: health promotion • disease prevention • South Africa, culture • Zulu • Xhosa

Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Vol. 15, No. 1, 62-68 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/1043659603259972
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